Directional communication systems

ABSTRACT

A wireless communication system based on a directional speaker is disclosed. The system can include an interface unit and a base unit. The audio signals from the speaker can be generated by transforming ultrasonic signals in air. This allows the production of directional audio signals even when the aperture of the speaker has dimensions in the order of a few centimeters. The audio signals from the speaker can be heard hands-free. Further, privacy protection is enhanced. In one embodiment, the interface unit can be attached or integrated to a piece of clothing at the shoulder of the user, with the audio signals from the speaker directed towards one of the user&#39;s ears. The wireless communication system can be applied to a number of different areas, including a communication device, such as a cell phone; a hearing aid; an entertainment system; and a computation system, such as a personal digital assistant or a computer. The wireless communication system can be personalized to the hearing characteristics of the user, or to the ambient noise level of the environment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/893,835, filed Aug. 16, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,587,227, andentitled “DIRECTIONAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,” which is herebyincorporated herein by reference, which application is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,529, filed Apr. 15, 2004, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,269,452, and entitled “DIRECTIONAL WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS,” which is hereby incorporated herein byreference, and which claims priority to each of: (i) U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/462,570, filed Apr. 15, 2003, and entitled“WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, HEARING ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMSOR DEVICES, AND METHODS THEREFOR,” which is hereby incorporated hereinby reference; (ii) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/469,221,filed May 12, 2003, and entitled “WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ORDEVICES, HEARING ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, DIRECTIONAL SPEAKER FORELECTRONIC DEVICE, PERSONALIZED AUDIO SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, AND METHODSTHEREFOR,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and (iii)U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/493,441, filed Aug. 8, 2003,and entitled “WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, HEARINGENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, DIRECTIONAL SPEAKER FOR ELECTRONICDEVICE, AUDIO SYSTEMS OR DEVICES, WIRELESS AUDIO DELIVERY, AND METHODSTHEREFOR,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

This application is also related to: (i) U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/826,527, filed Apr. 15, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,388,962, andentitled, “DIRECTIONAL HEARING ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS,” which is herebyincorporated herein by reference; (ii) U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/826,531, filed Apr. 15, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,801,570, andentitled, “DIRECTIONAL SPEAKER FOR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE,” which ishereby incorporated herein by reference; (iii) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/826,537, filed Apr. 15, 2004, and entitled, “METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR LOCALIZED DELIVERY OF AUDIO SOUND FOR ENHANCED PRIVACY,”which is hereby incorporated herein by reference; and (iv) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/826,528, filed Apr. 15, 2004, and entitled,“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WIRELESS AUDIO DELIVERY,” which is herebyincorporated herein by reference

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to a wireless communicationsystem, and more particularly, to a directional wireless communicationsystem.

2. Description of the Related Art

Cell phones and other wireless communication systems have become anintegral part of our lives. During the early 20^(th) Century, somepredicted that if phone companies continued with their growth rate,everyone would become a phone operator. From a certain perspective, thisprediction has actually come true. Cell phones have become so prevalentthat many of us practically cannot live without them. As such, we mighthave become cell phone operators.

However, the proliferation of cell phones has brought on its share ofheadaches. The number of traffic accidents has increased due to the useof cell phones while driving. The increase is probably due to driverstaking their hands off the steering wheel to engage in phone calls.Instead of holding onto the steering wheel with both hands, one of thedriver's hands may be holding a cell phone. Or, even worse, one hand maybe holding a phone and the other dialing it. The steering wheel is lefteither unattended, or, at best, maneuvered by the driver's thighs!

Another disadvantage of cell phones is that they might cause braintumors. With a cell phone being used so close to one's brain, there arerumors that the chance of getting a brain tumor is increased. One way toreduce the potential risk is to use an earpiece or headset connected tothe cell phone.

Earpieces and headsets, however, can be quite inconvenient. Imagine yourcell phone rings. You pick up the call but then you have to tell thecaller to hold while you unwrap and extend the headset wires, plug theheadset to the cell phone, and then put on the headset. This process isinconvenient to both the caller, who has to wait, and to you, as youfumble around to coordinate the use of the headset. Also, many headsetsrequire earpieces. Having something plugged into one's ear is notnatural and is annoying to many, especially for long phone calls.Further, if you are jogging or involved in a physical activity, theheadset can get dislodged or detached.

It should be apparent from the foregoing that there is still a need forimproved ways to enable wireless communication systems to be usedhands-free.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a wireless communication system that hasa directional speaker. In one embodiment, with the speaker appropriatelyattached or integral to a user's clothing, the user can receive audiosignals from the speaker hands-free. The audio-signals from the speakerare directional, allowing the user to hear the audio signals withoutrequiring an earpiece, while providing certain degree of privacyprotection.

The wireless communication system can be a phone. In one embodiment, thesystem has a base unit coupled to an interface unit. The interface unitincludes a directional speaker and a microphone. Audio signals aregenerated by transforming directional ultrasonic signals (output by thedirectional speaker) with air. In one embodiment, the interface unit canbe attached to the shoulder of the user, and the audio signals from thespeaker can be directed towards one of the user's ears.

The interface unit can be coupled to the base unit through a wired orwireless connection. The base unit can also be attached to the clothingof the user.

The phone, particularly a cell phone, can be a dual-mode phone. One modeis the hands-free mode phone. The other mode is the normal mode, wherethe audio signals are generated directly from the speaker.

The interface unit can include two speakers, each located on, orproximate to, a different shoulder of the user. The microphone can alsobe separate from, and not integrated to, the speaker.

In one embodiment, the speaker can be made of one or more devices thatcan be piezoelectric thin-film devices, bimorph devices or magnetictransducers. Multiple devices can be arranged to form a blazed grating,with the orthogonal direction of the grating pointed towards the ear.Multiple devices can also be used to form a phase array, which cangenerate an audio beam that has higher directivity and is steerable.

In another embodiment, the wireless communication system can be used asa hearing aid. The system can also be both a cell phone and a hearingaid, depending on whether there is an incoming call.

In still another embodiment, the interface unit does not have amicrophone, and the wireless communication system can be used as anaudio unit, such as a CD player. The interface unit can also beapplicable for playing video games, watching television or listening toa stereo system. Due to the directional audio signals, the chance ofdisturbing people in the immediate neighborhood is significantlyreduced.

In yet another embodiment, the interface unit is integrated with thebase unit. The resulting wireless communication system can be attachedto the clothing of the user, with its audio signals directed towards oneear of the user.

In another embodiment, the base unit includes the capability to serve asa computation system, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA) or aportable computer. This allows the user to simultaneously use thecomputation system (e.g. PDA) as well as making phone calls. The userdoes not have to use his hand to hold a phone, thus freeing both handsto interact with the computation system. In another approach for thisembodiment, the directional speaker is not attached to the clothing ofthe user, but is integrated to the base unit. The base unit can also beenabled to be connected wirelessly to a local area network, such as to aWiFi or WLAN network, which allows high-speed data as well as voicecommunication with the network.

In still another embodiment, the wireless communication system ispersonalized to the hearing characteristics of the user, or ispersonalized to the ambient noise level in the vicinity of the user.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrates by way ofexample the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the invention with a base unit coupled toa directional speaker and a microphone.

FIG. 2 shows examples of characteristics of a directional speaker of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 shows examples of mechanisms to set the direction of audiosignals of the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows one embodiment of a blazed grating for the presentinvention.

FIG. 4B shows an example of a wedge to direct the propagation angle ofaudio signals for the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a steerable phase array of devices togenerate the directional audio signals in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 shows one example of an interface unit attached to a piece ofclothing of a user in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows examples of mechanisms to couple the interface unit to apiece of clothing in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows examples of different coupling techniques between theinterface unit and the base unit in the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows examples of additional attributes of the wirelesscommunication system in the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows examples of attributes of a power source for use with thepresent invention.

FIG. 11A shows the phone being a hands-free or a normal mode phoneaccording to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11B shows examples of different techniques to automatically selectthe mode of a dual mode phone in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 12 shows examples of different embodiments of an interface unit ofthe present invention.

FIG. 13 shows examples of additional applications for the presentinvention.

Same numerals in FIGS. 1-13 are assigned to similar elements in all thefigures. Embodiments of the invention are discussed below with referenceto FIGS. 1-13. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciatethat the detailed description given herein with respect to these figuresis for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond theselimited embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention is a wireless communicationsystem that provides improved hands-free usage. The wirelesscommunication system can, for example, be a mobile phone. FIG. 1 shows ablock diagram of wireless communication system 10 according to oneembodiment of the invention. The wireless communication system 10 has abase unit 12 that is coupled to an interface unit 14. The interface unit14 includes a directional speaker 16 and a microphone 18. Thedirectional speaker 16 generates directional audio signals.

From basic aperture antenna theory, the angular beam width θ of asource, such as the directional speaker, is roughly λ/D, where θ is theangular full width at half-maximum (FWHM), λ is the wavelength and D isthe diameter of the aperture. For simplicity, assume the aperture to becircular.

For ordinary audible signals, the frequency is from a few hundred hertz,such as 500 Hz, to a few thousand hertz, such as 5000 Hz. With the speedof sound in air c being 340 m/s, λ of ordinary audible signals isroughly between 70 cm and 7 cm. For personal or portable applications,the dimension of a speaker can be in the order of a few cm. Given thatthe acoustic wavelength is much larger than a few cm, such a speaker isalmost omni-directional. That is, the sound source is emitting energyalmost uniformly at all directions. This can be undesirable if one needsprivacy because an omni-directional sound source means that anyone inany direction can pickup the audio signals.

To increase the directivity of the sound source, one approach is todecrease the wavelength of sound, but this can put the sound frequencyout of the audible range. Another technique is known as parametricacoustics.

Parametric acoustic operation has previously been discussed, forexample, in the following publications: “Parametric Acoustic Array,” byP. J. Westervelt, in J., Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 35 (4), pp. 535-537,1963; “Possible exploitation of Non-Linear Acoustics in UnderwaterTransmitting Applications,” by H. O. Berktay, in J. Sound Vib. Vol. 2(4): 435-461 (1965); and “Parametric Array in Air,” by Bennett et al.,in J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 57 (3), pp. 562-568, 1975.

In one embodiment, assume that the audible acoustic signal is f(t) wheref(t) is a band-limited signal, such as from 500 to 5,000 Hz. A modulatedsignal f(t) sin ω_(c) t is created to drive an acoustic transducer. Thecarrier frequency ω_(c)/2π should be much larger than the highestfrequency component of f(t). In an example, the carrier wave is anultrasonic wave. The acoustic transducer should have a sufficiently widebandwidth at ω_(c) to cover the frequency band of the incoming signalf(t). After this signal f(t) sin ω_(c) t is emitted from the transducer,non-linear demodulation occurs in air, creating an audible signal, E(t),whereE(t)∝∂² /∂t ² [f ²(τ)]with τ=t−L/c, and L being the distance between the source and thereceiving ear. In this example, the demodulated audio signal isproportional to the second time derivative of the square of themodulating envelope f(t).

To retrieve the audio signal f(t) more accurately, a number ofapproaches pre-process the original audio signals before feeding theminto the transducer. Each has its specific attributes and advantages.One pre-processing approach is disclosed in “Acoustic Self-demodulationof Pre-distorted Carriers,” by B. A. Davy, Master's Thesis submitted toU. T. Austin in 1972. The disclosed technique integrates the signal f(t)twice, and then square-roots the result before multiplying it with thecarrier sin ω_(c) t. The resultant signals are applied to thetransducer. In doing so, an infinite harmonics of f(t) could begenerated, and a finite transmission bandwidth can create distortion.

Another pre-processing approach is described in “The audio spotlight: Anapplication of nonlinear interaction of sound waves to a new type ofloudspeaker design,” by Yoneyama et al., Journal of the Acoustic Societyof America, Vol. 73 (5), pp. 1532-1536, May 1983. The pre-processingscheme depends on double side-band (DSB) modulation. Let S(t)=1+m f(t,where m is the modulation index. S(t) sin ω_(c) t is used to drive theacoustic transducer instead of f(t) sin ω_(c) t. Thus,E(t)∝∂² /∂t ² [S ²(τ)]∝2mf(τ)+m ²∂² /∂t ² [f(τ)²].

The first term provides the original audio signal. But the second termcan produce undesirable distortions as a result of the DSB modulation.One way to reduce the distortions is by lowering the modulation index m.However, lowering m may also reduce the overall power efficiency of thesystem.

In “Development of a parametric loudspeaker for practical use,”Proceedings of 10^(th) International Symposium on Non-linear Acoustics,pp. 147-150, 1984, Kamakura et al. introduced a pre-processing approachto remove the undesirable terms. It uses a modified amplitude modulation(MAM) technique by defining S(t)=[1+m f(t)]^(1/2). That is, thedemodulated signal E(t)∝m f(t). The square-rooted envelope operation ofthe MAM signal can broaden the bandwidth of S(t), and can require aninfinite transmission bandwidth for distortion-free demodulation.

In “Suitable Modulation of the Carrier Ultrasound for a ParametricLoudspeaker,” Acoustica, Vol. 23, pp. 215-217, 1991, Kamakura et al.introduced another pre-processing scheme, known as “envelopemodulation”. In this scheme, S(t)=[e(t)+m f(t)]^(1/2) where e(t) is theenvelope of f(t). The transmitted power was reduced by over 64% usingthis scheme and the distortion was better than the DSB or single-sideband (SSB) modulation, as described in “Self-demodulation of aplane-wave—Study on primary wave modulation for wideband signaltransmission,” by Aoki et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn., Vol. 40, pp.346-349, 1984.

Back to directivity, the modulated signals, S(t) sin ω_(c) t or f(t) sinω_(c) t, have a better directivity than the original acoustic signalf(t), because ω_(c) is higher than the audible frequencies. As anexample, ω_(c) can be 2π*40 kHz, though experiment has shown that ω_(c)can range from 2π*20 kHz to well over 2π*1 MHz. Typically, ω_(c) ischosen not to be too high because of the higher acoustic absorption athigher carrier frequencies. Anyway, with ω_(c) being 2π*40 kHz, themodulated signals have frequencies that are approximately ten timeshigher than the audible frequencies. This makes an emitting source witha small aperture, such as 2.5 cm in diameter, a directional device for awide range of audio signals.

In one embodiment, choosing a proper working carrier frequency ω_(c)takes into consideration a number of factors, such as:

-   -   1. To reduce the acoustic attenuation, which is generally        proportional to ω_(c) ², the carrier frequency ω_(c) should not        be high.    -   2. The FWHM of the ultrasonic beam should be large enough, such        as 25 degrees, to accommodate head motions of the person wearing        the portable device and to reduce the ultrasonic intensity        through beam expansion.    -   3. To avoid the near-field effect which may cause amplitude        fluctuations, the distance between the emitting device and the        receiving ear r should be greater than 0.3*R₀, where R₀ is the        Rayleigh distance, and is defined as (the area of the emitting        aperture/λ).        -   As an example, with FWHM being 20 degrees,            θ=λ/D=(c2π/ω_(c))/D˜1/3.            Assuming D is 2.5 cm, ω_(c) becomes 2π*40 kHz. From this            relation, it can be seen that the directivity of the            ultrasonic beam can be adjusted by changing the carrier            frequency ω_(c). If a smaller aperture acoustic transducer            is preferred, the directivity may decrease. Note also that            the power generated by the acoustic transducer is typically            proportional to the aperture area. In the above example, the            Rayleigh distance R₀ is about 57 mm.

Based on the above description, in one embodiment, directional audiosignals can be generated by the speaker 16 even with a relatively smallaperture through modulated ultrasonic signals. The modulated signals canbe demodulated in air to regenerate the audio signals. The speaker 16can then generate directional audio signals even when emitted from anaperture that is in the order of a few centimeters. This allows thedirectional audio signals to be pointed at desired directions.

Note that a number of examples have been described on generating audiosignals through demodulating ultrasonic signals. However, the audiosignals can also be generated through mixing two ultrasonic signalswhose difference frequencies are the audio signals.

FIG. 2 shows examples of characteristics of a directional speaker. Thedirectional speaker can, for example, be the directional speaker 16illustrated in FIG. 1. The directional speaker can use a piezoelectricthin film. The piezoelectric thin film can be deposited on a plate withmany cylindrical tubes. An example of such a device is described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,011,855, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The filmcan be a polyvinylidiene di-fluoride (PVDF) film, and can be biased bymetal electrodes. The film can be attached or glued to the perimeter ofthe plate of tubes. The total emitting surfaces of all of the tubes canhave a dimension in the order of a few wavelengths of the carrier orultrasonic signals. Appropriate voltages applied through the electrodesto the piezoelectric thin film create vibrations of the thin film togenerate the modulated ultrasonic signals. These signals cause resonanceof the enclosed tubes. After emitted from the film, the ultrasonicsignals self-demodulate through non-linear mixing in air to produce theaudio signals.

As one example, the piezoelectric film can be about 28 microns inthickness; and the tubes can be 9/64″ in diameter and spaced apart by0.16″, from center to center of the tube, to create a resonatingfrequency of around 40 kHz. With the ultrasonic signals being centeredaround 40 kHz, the emitting surface of the directional speaker can bearound 2 cm by 2 cm. A significant percentage of the ultrasonic powergenerated by the directional speaker can, in effect, be confined in acone.

To calculate the amount of power within the cone, for example, as arough estimation, assume that (a) the emitting surface is a uniformcircular aperture with the diameter of 2.8 cm, (b) the wavelength of theultrasonic signals is 8.7 mm, and (c) all power goes to the forwardhemisphere, then the ultrasonic power contained within the FWHM of themain lobe is about 97%, and the power contained from null to null of themain lobe is about 97.36%. Similarly, again as a rough estimation, ifthe diameter of the aperture drops to 1 cm, the power contained withinthe FWHM of the main lobe is about 97.2%, and the power contained fromnull to null of the main lobe is about 99%.

Referring back to the example of the piezoelectric film, the FWHM of thesignal beam is about 24 degrees. Assume that such a directional speaker16 is placed on the shoulder of a user. The output from the speaker canbe directed in the direction of one of the ears of the user, with thedistance between the shoulder and the ear being, for example, 8 inches.More than 75% of the power of the audio signals generated by theemitting surface of the directional speaker can, in effect, be confinedin a cone. The tip of the cone is at the speaker, and the mouth of thecone is at the location of the user's ear. The diameter of the mouth ofthe cone, or the diameter of the cone in the vicinity of the ear, isless than about 4 inches.

In another embodiment, the directional speaker can be made of a bimorphpiezoelectric transducer. The transducer can have a cone of about 1 cmin diameter. In yet another embodiment, the directional speaker can be amagnetic transducer. In a further embodiment, the directional speakerdoes not generate ultrasonic signals, but generates audio signalsdirectly; and the speaker includes, for example, a physical horn or coneto direct the audio signals.

In yet another embodiment, the power output from the directional speakeris increased by increasing the transformation efficiency (e.g.,demodulation or mixing efficiency) of the ultrasonic signals. Accordingto the Berktay's formula, as disclosed, for example, in “Possibleexploitation of Non-Linear Acoustics in Underwater TransmittingApplications,” by H. O. Berktay, in J. Sound Vib. Vol. 2 (4):435-461(1965), which is hereby incorporated by reference, output audio power isproportional to the coefficient of non-linearity of the mixing ordemodulation medium. One approach to increase the efficiency is to haveat least a portion of the transformation performed in a medium otherthan air.

As explained, in one embodiment, based on parametric acoustictechniques, directional audio signals can be generated. FIG. 3 showsexamples of mechanisms to direct the ultrasonic signals. They representdifferent approaches, which can utilize, for example, a grating, amalleable wire, or a wedge.

FIG. 4A shows one embodiment of a directional speaker 50 having a blazedgrating. The speaker 50 is, for example, suitable for use as thedirectional speaker 16. Each emitting device, such as 52 and 54, of thespeaker 50 can be a piezoelectric device or another type of speakerdevice located on a step of the grating. In one embodiment, the sum ofall of the emitting surfaces of the emitting devices can have adimension in the order of a few wavelengths of the ultrasonic signals.

In another embodiment, each of the emitting devices can be driven by areplica of the ultrasonic signals with an appropriate delay to causeconstructive interference of the emitted waves at the blazing normal 56,which is the direction orthogonal to grating. This is similar to thebeam steering operation of a phase array, and can be implemented by adelay matrix. The delay between adjacent emitting surfaces can beapproximately h/c, with the height of each step being h. One approach tosimplify signal processing is to arrange the height of each grating stepto be an integral multiple of the ultrasonic or carrier wavelength, andall the emitting devices can be driven by the same ultrasonic signals.

Based on the grating structure, the array direction of the virtual audiosources can be the blazing normal 56. In other words, the structure ofthe steps can set the propagation direction of the audio signals. In theexample shown in FIG. 4A, there are three emitting devices or speakerdevices, one on each step. The total emitting surfaces are the sum ofthe emitting surfaces of the three devices. The propagation direction isapproximately 45 degrees from the horizontal plane. The thickness ofeach speaker device can be less than half the wavelength of theultrasonic waves. If the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is 40 kHz,the thickness can be about 4 mm.

Another approach to direct the audio signals to specific directions isto position a directional speaker of the present invention at the end ofa malleable wire. The user can bend the wire to adjust the direction ofpropagation of the audio signals. For example, if the speaker is placedon the shoulder of a user, the user can bend the wire such that theultrasonic signals produced by the speaker are directed towards the earadjacent to the shoulder of the user.

Still another approach is to position the speaker device on a wedge.FIG. 4B shows an example of a wedge 75 with a speaker device 77. Theangle of the wedge from the horizontal can be about 40 degrees. Thissets the propagation direction 79 of the audio signals to be about 50degrees from the horizon.

In one embodiment, the ultrasonic signals are generated by a steerablephase array of individual devices, as illustrated, for example, in FIG.5. They generate the directional signals by constructive interference ofthe devices. The signal beam is steerable by changing the relativephases among the array of devices.

One way to change the phases in one direction is to use aone-dimensional array of shift registers. Each register shifts or delaysthe ultrasonic signals by the same amount. This array can steer the beamby changing the clock frequency of the shift registers. These can beknown as “x” shift registers. To steer the beam independently also in anorthogonal direction, one approach is to have a second set of shiftregisters controlled by a second variable rate clock. This second set ofregisters, known as “y” shift registers, is separated into a number ofsubsets of registers. Each subset can be an array of shift registers andeach array is connected to one “x” shift register. The beam can besteered in the orthogonal direction by changing the frequency of thesecond variable rate clock.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the acoustic phase array is a 4 by 4array of speaker devices. The devices in the acoustic phase array arethe same. For example, each can be a bimorph device or transmitter of 7mm in diameter. The overall size of the array can be around 2.8 cm by2.8 cm. The carrier frequency can be set to 100 kHz. Each bimorph isdriven at less than 0.1 W. The array is planar but each bimorph ispointed at the ear, such as at about 45 degrees to the array normal. TheFWHM main lobe of each individual bimorph is about 0.5 radian.

There can be 4 “x” shift registers. Each “x” shift register can beconnected to an array of 4 “y” shift registers to create a 4 by 4 arrayof shift registers. The clocks can be running at approximately 10 MHz(100 ns per shift). The ultrasonic signals can be transmitted in digitalformat and delayed by the shift registers at the specified amount.

Assuming the distance of the array from an ear is approximately 20 cm,the main lobe of each array device covers an area of roughly 10 cm×10 cmaround the ear. As the head can move over an area of 10 cm×10 cm, thebeam can be steerable roughly by a phase of 0.5 radian over eachdirection. This is equivalent to a maximum relative time delay of 40 usacross one direction of the phase array, or 5 us of delay per device.

For a n by n array, the ultrasonic beam from each array elementinterferes with each other to produce a final beam that is 1/n narrowerin beam width. In the above example, n is equal to 4, and the beam shapeof the phase array is narrowed by a factor of 4 in each direction. Thatis, the FWHM is less than 8 degrees, covering an area of roughly 2.8cm×2.8 cm around the ear.

With power focused into a smaller area, the power requirement is reducedby a factor of 1/n², significantly improving power efficiency. In oneembodiment, the above array can give the acoustic power of over 90 dBSPL.

Instead of using the bimorph devices, the above example can use an arrayof piezoelectric thin film devices.

In one embodiment, the interface unit can also include a patternrecognition device that identifies and locates the ear, or the earcanal. Then, if the ear or the canal can be identified, the beam issteered more accurately to the opening of the ear canal. Based on closedloop control, the propagation direction of the ultrasonic signals can besteered by the results of the pattern recognition approach.

One pattern recognition approach is based on thermal mapping to identifythe entrance to the ear canal. Thermal mapping can be through infraredsensors. Another pattern recognition approach is based on apulsed-infrared LED, and a reticon or CCD array for detection. Thereticon or CCD array can have a broadband interference filter on top tofilter light, which can be a piece of glass with coating.

Note that if the system cannot identify the location of the ear or theear canal, the system can expand the cone, or decrease its directivity.For example, all array elements can emit the same ultrasonic signals,without delay, but with the frequency decreased.

Privacy is often a concern for users of cell phones. Unlike music orvideo players where users passively receive information orentertainment, with cell phones, there is a two-way communication. Inmost circumstances, cell phone users have gotten accustomed to peoplehearing what they have to say. At least, they can control or adjusttheir part of the communication. However, cell phone users typically donot want others to be aware of their entire dialogue. Hence, for manyapplications, at least the voice output portion of the cell phone shouldprovide some level of privacy. With the directional speaker as discussedherein, the audio signals are directional, and thus the wirelesscommunication system provides certain degree of privacy protection.

FIG. 6 shows one example of the interface unit 100 attached to a jacket102 of the user. The interface unit 100 includes a directional speaker104 and a microphone 106. The directional speaker 104 emits ultrasonicsignals in the general direction towards an ear of the user. Theultrasonic signals are transformed by mixing or demodulating in the airbetween the speaker and ear. The directional ultrasonic signals confinemost of the audio energy within a cone 108 that is pointed towards theear of the user. The surface area of the cone 108 when it reaches thehead of the user can be tailored to be smaller than the head of theuser. Hence, the directional ultrasonic signals are able to providecertain degree of privacy protection.

In one embodiment, there is one or more additional speaker devicesprovided within, proximate to, or around the directional speaker. Theuser's head can scatter a portion of the received audio signals. Othersin the vicinity of the user may be able to pick up these scatteredsignals. The additional speaker devices, which can be piezoelectricdevices, transmit random signals to interfere or corrupt the scatteredsignals or other signals that may be emitted outside the cone 108 of thedirectional signals to reduce the chance of others comprehending thescattered signals.

FIG. 7 shows examples of mechanisms to couple an interface unit to apiece of clothing. For example, the interface unit can be integratedinto a user's clothing, such as located between the outer surface of theclothing and its inner lining. To receive power or other informationfrom the outside, the interface unit can have an electrical protrusionfrom the inside of the clothing.

Instead of integrated into the clothing, in another embodiment, theinterface unit can be attachable to the user's clothing. For example, auser can attach the interface unit to his clothing, and then turn it on.Once attached, the unit can be operated hands-free. The interface unitcan be attached to a strap on the clothing, such as the shoulder strapof a jacket. The attachment can be through a clip, a pin or a hook.There can be a small pocket, such as at the collar bone area or theshoulder of the clothing, with a mechanism (e.g., a button) to close theopening of the pocket. The interface unit can be located in the pocket.In another example, a fastener can be on both the interface unit and theclothing for attachment purposes. In one example, the fastener can usehooks and loops (e.g., VELCRO brand fasteners). The interface unit canalso be attached by a band, which can be elastic (e.g., an elasticarmband). Or, the interface unit can be hanging from the neck of theuser with a piece of string, like an ornamental design on a necklace. Inyet another example, the interface unit can have a magnet, which can bemagnetically attached to a magnet on the clothing. Note that one or moreof these mechanisms can be combined to further secure the attachment. Inyet another example, the interface unit can be disposable. For example,the interface unit could be disposed of once it runs out of power.

Regarding the coupling between the interface unit and the base unit,FIG. 8 shows examples of a number of coupling techniques. The interfaceunit may be coupled wirelessly or tethered to the base unit through awire. In the wireless embodiment, the interface unit may be coupledthrough Bluetooth, WiFi, Ultrawideband (UWB) or other wirelessnetwork/protocol.

FIG. 9 shows examples of additional attributes of the wirelesscommunication system of the present invention. The system can includeadditional signal processing techniques. Typically, single-side band(SSB) or lower-side band (LSB) modulation can be used with or withoutcompensation for fidelity reproduction. If compensation is used, aprocessor (e.g., digital signal processor) can be deployed based onknown techniques. Other components/functions can also be integrated withthe processor. This can be local oscillation for down or up convertingand impedance matching circuitry. Echo cancellation techniques may alsobe included in the circuitry. However, since the speaker is directional,the echo cancellation circuitry may not be necessary. These otherfunctions can also be performed by software (e.g., firmware ormicrocode) executed by the processor.

The base unit can have one or more antennae to communicate with basestations or other wireless devices. Additional antennae can improveantenna efficiency. In the case where the interface unit wirelesslycouples to the base unit, the antenna on the base unit can also be usedto communicate with the interface unit. In this situation, the interfaceunit may also have more than one antenna.

The antenna can be integrated to the clothing. For example, the antennaand the base unit can both be integrated to the clothing. The antennacan be located at the back of the clothing.

The system can have a maximum power controller that controls the maximumamount of power delivered from the interface unit. For example, averageoutput audio power can be set to be around 60 dB, and the maximum powercontroller limits the maximum output power to be below 70 dB. In oneembodiment, this maximum power is in the interface unit and isadjustable.

The wireless communication system may be voice activated. For example, auser can enter, for example, phone numbers using voice commands.Information, such as phone numbers, can also be entered into a separatecomputer and then downloaded to the communication system. The user canthen use voice commands to make connections to other phones.

The wireless communication system can have an in-use indicator. Forexample, if the system is in operation as a cell phone, a light source(e.g., a light-emitting diode) at the interface unit can operate as anin-use indicator. In one implementation, the light source can flash orblink to indicate that the system is in-use. The in-use indicator allowsothers to be aware that the user is, for example, on the phone.

In yet another embodiment, the base unit of the wireless communicationsystem can also be integrated to the piece of clothing. The base unitcan have a data port to exchange information and a power plug to receivepower. Such port or ports can protrude from the clothing.

FIG. 10 shows examples of attributes of the power source. The powersource may be a rechargeable battery or a non-rechargeable battery. Asan example, a bimorph piezoelectric device, such as AT/R40-12P fromNicera, Nippon Ceramic Co., Ltd., can be used as a speaker device toform the speaker. It has a resistance of 1,000 ohms. Its powerdissipation can be in the milliwatt range. A coin-type battery that canstore a few hundred mAHours of energy has sufficient power to run theunit for a limited duration of time. Other types of batteries are alsoapplicable.

The power source can be from a DC supply. The power source can beattachable, or integrated or embedded in a piece of clothing worn by theuser. The power source can be a rechargeable battery. In one embodiment,for a rechargeable battery, it can be integrated in the piece ofclothing, with its charging port exposed. The user can charge thebattery on the road. For example, if the user is driving, the user canuse a cigarette-lighter type charger to recharge the battery. In yetanother embodiment, the power source is a fuel cell. The cell can be acartridge of fuel, such methanol.

A number of embodiments have been described where the wirelesscommunication system is a phone, particularly a cell phone that can beoperated hands-free. In one embodiment, such can be considered ahands-free mode phone. FIG. 11A shows one embodiment where the phone canalternatively be a dual-mode phone. In a normal-mode phone, the audiosignals are produced directly from a speaker integral with the phone(e.g., within its housing). Such a speaker is normally substantiallynon-directional (i.e., the speaker does not generate audio signalsthrough transforming ultrasonic signals in air). In a dual mode phone,one mode is the hands-free mode phone as described above, and the othermode is the normal-mode phone.

The mode selection process can be set by a switch on the phone. In oneembodiment, mode selection can be automatic. FIG. 11B shows examples ofdifferent techniques to automatically select the mode of a dual modephone. For example, if the phone is attached to the clothing, thedirectional speaker of the interface unit can be automaticallyactivated, and the phone becomes the hands-free mode phone. In oneembodiment, automatic activation can be achieved through a switchintegrated to the phone. The switch can be a magnetically-activatedswitch. For example, when the interface unit is attached to clothing(for hands-free usage), a magnet or a piece of magnetizable material inthe clothing can cause the phone to operate in the hands-free mode. Whenthe phone is detached from clothing, the magnetically-activated switchcan cause the phone to operate as a normal-mode phone. In anotherexample, the switch can be mechanical. For example, an on/off button onthe unit can be mechanically activated if the unit is attached. This canbe done, for example, by a lever such that when the unit is attached,the lever will be automatically pressed. In yet another example,activation can be based on orientation. If the interface unit issubstantially in a horizontal orientation (e.g., within 30 degrees fromthe horizontal), the phone will operate in the hands-free mode. However,if the unit is substantially in a vertical orientation (e.g., within 45degrees from the vertical), the phone will operate as a normal-modephone. A gyro in the interface unit can be used to determine theorientation of the interface unit.

A number of embodiments have been described where the wirelesscommunication system is a phone with a directional speaker and amicrophone. However, the present invention can be applied to otherareas. FIG. 12 shows examples of other embodiments of the interfaceunit, and FIG. 13 shows examples of additional applications.

The interface unit can have two speakers, each propagating itsdirectional audio signals towards one of the ears of the user. Forexample, one speaker can be on one shoulder of the user, and the otherspeaker on the other shoulder. The two speakers can provide a stereoeffect for the user.

A number of embodiments have been described where the microphone and thespeaker are integrated together in a single package. In anotherembodiment, the microphone can be a separate component and can beattached to the clothing as well. For wired connections, the wires fromthe base unit can connect to the speaker and at least one wire can splitoff and connect to the microphone at a location close to the head of theuser.

The interface unit does not need to include a microphone. Such awireless communication system can be used as an audio unit, such as aMP3 player, a CD player or a radio. Such wireless communication systemscan be considered one-way communication systems.

In another embodiment, the interface unit can be used as the audiooutput, such as for a stereo system, television or a video game player.For example, the user can be playing a video game. Instead of having theaudio signals transmitted by a normal speaker, the audio signals, or arepresentation of the audio signals, are transmitted wirelessly to abase unit or an interface unit. Then, the user can hear the audiosignals in a directional manner, reducing the chance of annoying ordisturbing people in his immediate environment.

In another embodiment, a wireless communication system can, for example,be used as a hearing aid. The microphone in the interface unit cancapture audio signals in its vicinity, and the directional speaker canre-transmit the captured audio signals to the user. The microphone canalso be a directional microphone that is more sensitive to audio signalsin selective directions, such as in front of the user. In thisapplication, the speaker output volume is typically higher. For example,one approach is to drive a bimorph device at higher voltages. Thehearing aid can selectively amplify different audio frequencies bydifferent amounts based on user preference or user hearingcharacteristics. In other words, the audio output can be tailored to thehearing of the user. Different embodiments on hearing enhancementthrough personalizing or tailoring to the hearing of the user have beendescribed in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,527, filed Apr.15, 2004, and entitled, “Directional Hearing Enhancement Systems”, whichis hereby incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the wireless communication system can function bothas a hearing aid and a cell phone. When there are no incoming calls, thesystem functions as a hearing aid. On the other hand, when there is anincoming call, instead of capturing audio signals in its vicinity, thesystem transmits the incoming call through the directional speaker to bereceived by the user. In another embodiment, the base unit and theinterface unit are integrated together in a package, which again can beattached to the clothing by techniques previously described for theinterface unit.

In yet another embodiment, an interface unit can include a monitor or adisplay. A user can watch television or video signals in public, againwith reduced possibility of disturbing people in the immediatesurroundings because the audio signals are directional. For wirelessapplications, video signals can be transmitted from the base unit to theinterface unit through UWB signals.

The base unit can also include the capability to serve as a computationsystem, such as in a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a notebookcomputer. For example, as a user is working on the computation systemfor various tasks, the user can simultaneously communicate with anotherperson in a hands-free manner using the interface unit, without the needto take her hands off the computation system. Data generated by asoftware application the user is working on using the computation systemcan be transmitted digitally with the voice signals to a remote device(e.g., another base station or unit). In this embodiment, thedirectional speaker does not have to be integrated or attached to theclothing of the user. Instead, the speaker can be integrated or attachedto the computation system, and the computation can function as a cellphone. Directional audio signals from the phone call can be generatedfor the user while the user is still able to manipulate the computationsystem with both of his hands. The user can simultaneously make phonecalls and use the computation system. In yet another approach for thisembodiment, the computation system is also enabled to be connectedwirelessly to a local area network, such as to a WiFi or WLAN network,which allows high-speed data as well as voice communication with thenetwork. For example, the user can make voice over IP calls. In oneembodiment, the high-speed data as well as voice communication permitssignals to be transmitted wirelessly at frequencies beyond 1 GHz.

In yet another embodiment, the wireless communication system can be apersonalized wireless communication system. The audio signals can bepersonalized to the hearing characteristics of the user of the system.The personalization process can be done periodically, such as once everyyear, similar to periodic re-calibration. Such re-calibration can bedone by another device, and the results can be stored in a memorydevice. The memory device can be a removable media card, which can beinserted into the wireless communication system to personalize theamplification characteristics of the directional speaker as a functionof frequency. The system can also include an equalizer that allows theuser to personalize the amplitude of the speaker audio signals as afunction of frequency.

The system can also be personalized based on the noise level in thevicinity of the user. The device can sense the noise level in itsimmediate vicinity and change the amplitude characteristics of the audiosignals as a function of noise level.

The form factor of the interface unit can be quite compact. In oneembodiment, it is rectangular in shape. For example, it can have a widthof about “x”, a length of about “2×”, and a thickness that is less than“x”. “X” can be 1.5 inches, or less than 3 inches. In another example,the interface unit has a thickness of less than 1 inch. In yet anotherexample, the interface unit does not have to be flat. It can have acurvature to conform to the physical profile of the user.

A number of embodiments have been described with the speaker beingdirectional. In one embodiment, a speaker is considered directional ifthe FWHM of its ultrasonic signals is less than about 1 radian or around57 degrees. In another embodiment, a speaker is considered directionalif the FWHM of its ultrasonic signals is less than about 30 degrees. Inyet another embodiment, a speaker is transmitting from, such as, theshoulder of the user. The speaker is considered directional if in thevicinity of the user's ear or in the vicinity 6-8 inches away from thespeaker, 75% of the power of its audio signals is within an area of lessthan 50 square inches. In a further embodiment, a speaker is considereddirectional if in the vicinity of the ear or in the vicinity a number ofinches, such as 8 inches, away from the speaker, 75% of the power of itsaudio signals is within an area of less than 20 square inches. In yet afurther embodiment, a speaker is considered directional if in thevicinity of the ear or in the vicinity a number of inches, such as 8inches, away from the speaker, 75% of the power of its audio signals iswithin an area of less than 13 square inches.

Also, referring back to FIG. 6, in one embodiment, a speaker can beconsidered a directional speaker if most of the power of its audiosignals is propagating in one general direction, confined within a cone,such as the cone 108 in FIG. 6, and the angle between the two sides oredges of the cone, such as shown in FIG. 6, is less than 60 degrees. Inanother embodiment, the angle between the two sides or edges of the coneis less than 45 degrees.

In a number of embodiments described above, the directional speakergenerates ultrasonic signals in the range of 40 kHz. One of the reasonsto pick such a frequency is for power efficiency. However, to reduceleakage, cross talk or to enhance privacy, in other embodiments, theultrasonic signals utilized can be between 200 kHz to 1 MHz. It can begenerated by multilayer piezoelectric thin films, or other types ofsolid state devices. Since the carrier frequency is at a higherfrequency range than 40 kHz, the absorption/attenuation coefficient byair is considerably higher. For example, at 500 kHz, in one calculation,the attenuation coefficient α can be about 4.6, implying that theultrasonic wave will be attenuated by exp(−α*z) or about 40 dB/m. As aresult, the waves are more quickly attenuated, reducing the range ofoperation of the speaker in the propagation direction of the ultrasonicwaves. On the other hand, privacy is enhanced and audible interferenceto others is reduced.

The 500 kHz embodiment can be useful in a confined environment, such asinside a car. The beam can emit from the dashboard towards the ceilingof the car. In one embodiment, there can be a reflector at the ceilingto reflect the beam to the desired direction or location. In anotherembodiment, the beam can be further confined in a cavity or waveguide,such as a tube, inside the car. The beam goes through some distanceinside the cavity, such as 2 feet, before emitting into free spacewithin the car, and then received by a person, without the need for areflector.

A number of embodiments of directional speakers have also been describedwhere the resultant propagation direction of the ultrasonic waves is notorthogonal to the horizontal, but at, for example, 45 degrees. Theultrasonic waves can be at an angle so that the main beam of the wavesis approximately pointed at an ear of the user. In another embodiment,the propagation direction of the ultrasonic waves can be approximatelyorthogonal to the horizontal. Such a speaker does not have to be on awedge or a step. It can be on a surface that is substantially parallelto the horizontal. For example, the speaker can be on the shoulder of auser, and the ultrasonic waves propagate upwards, instead of at an anglepointed at an ear of the user. If the ultrasonic power is sufficient,the waves would have sufficient acoustic power even when the speaker isnot pointing exactly at the ear.

One approach to explain the sufficiency in acoustic power is that theultrasonic speaker generates virtual sources in the direction ofpropagation. These virtual sources generate secondary acoustic signalsin numerous directions, not just along the propagation direction. Thisis similar to the antenna pattern which gives non-zero intensity innumerous directions away from the direction of propagation. In one suchembodiment, the acoustic power is calculated to be from 45 to 50 dB SPLif (a) the ultrasonic carrier frequency is 500 kHz; (b) the audiofrequency is 1 kHz; (c) the emitter size of the speaker is 3 cm×3 cm;(d) the emitter power (peak) is 140 dB SPL; (e) the emitter ispositioned at 10 to 15 cm away from the ear, such as located on theshoulder of the user; and (f) with the ultrasonic beam pointing upwards,not towards the ear, the center of the ultrasonic beam is about 2-5 cmaway from the ear.

In one embodiment, the ultrasonic beam is considered directed towardsthe ear as long as any portion of the beam, or the cone of the beam, isimmediately proximate to, such as within 7 cm of, the ear. The directionof the beam does not have to be pointed at the ear. It can even beorthogonal to the ear, such as propagating up from one's shoulder,substantially parallel to the face of the person.

In yet another embodiment, the emitting surface of the ultrasonicspeaker does not have to be flat. It can be designed to be concave orconvex to eventually create a diverging ultrasonic beam. For example, ifthe focal length of a convex surface is f, the power of the ultrasonicbeam would be 6 dB down at a distance of f from the emitting surface. Toillustrate numerically, if f is equal to 5 cm, then after 50 cm, theultrasonic signal would be attenuated by 20 dB.

A number of embodiments have been described where a device is attachableto the clothing worn by a user. In one embodiment, attachable to theclothing worn by a user includes wearable by the user. For example, theuser can wear a speaker on his neck, like a pendant on a necklace. Thisalso would be considered as attachable to the clothing worn by the user.From another perspective, the necklace can be considered as the“clothing” worn by the user, and the device is attachable to thenecklace.

One or more of the above-described embodiments can be combined. Forexample, two directional speakers can be positioned one on each side ofa notebook computer. As the user is playing games on the notebookcomputer, the user can communicate with other players using themicrophone on the notebook computer and the directional speakers, againwithout taking his hands off a keyboard or a game console. Since thespeakers are directional, audio signals are more confined to be directedto the user in front of the notebook computer.

The various embodiments, implementations and features of the inventionnoted above can be combined in various ways or used separately. Thoseskilled in the art will understand from the description that theinvention can be equally applied to or used in other various differentsettings with respect to various combinations, embodiments,implementations or features provided in the description herein.

The invention can be implemented in software, hardware or a combinationof hardware and software. A number of embodiments of the invention canalso be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readablemedium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that canstore data, which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examplesof the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-accessmemory, CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, optical data storage devices, andcarrier waves. The computer readable medium can also be distributed overnetwork-coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code isstored and executed in a distributed fashion.

Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without thesespecific details. The description and representation herein are thecommon meanings used by those experienced or skilled in the art to mosteffectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in theart. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, andcircuitry have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarilyobscuring aspects of the present invention.

Also, in this specification, reference to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment can beincluded in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances ofthe phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specificationare not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor areseparate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of otherembodiments. Further, the order of blocks in process flowcharts ordiagrams representing one or more embodiments of the invention do notinherently indicate any particular order nor imply any limitations inthe invention.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from a consideration of this specification or practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

1. A portable communication apparatus for a user comprising: adirectional speaker that generates ultrasonic signals with at least oneultrasonic wavelength, and with at least a portion of the ultrasonicsignals being transformed into audio signals for the user via the airbetween the speaker and the user, wherein the directional speaker hasone or more devices that emit the ultrasonic signals, and wherein themaximum dimension of an overall size of the one or more devices is notmore than 8.24 times of the at least one ultrasonic wavelength.
 2. Aportable communication apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein themaximum dimension of the apparatus is not more than 3 inches.
 3. Aportable communication apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein themaximum dimension of the apparatus is not more than 6 inches.
 4. Aportable communication apparatus as recited in claim 1 furthercomprising: a microphone; and wireless communication circuitry, whereinthe audio signals are associated with a communication that the userreceives via the circuitry and the directional speaker.
 5. A portablecommunication apparatus as recited in claim 4 further comprising aninput mechanism that allows the user to enter inputs into the apparatus,wherein the apparatus allows the user to enter inputs into theapparatus, while communicating using at least the wireless communicationcircuitry with enhanced privacy via the directional speaker.
 6. Aportable communication apparatus as recited in claim 1 furthercomprising a display, wherein the apparatus is configured to allow theuser to receive video signals with enhanced privacy via the directionalspeaker.
 7. A portable communication apparatus as recited in claim 1,wherein the directional speaker includes a plurality of devices, eachconfigured to generate signals in the ultrasonic range.
 8. A portablecommunication apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the apparatus isinstalled in a car.
 9. A portable communication apparatus as recited inclaim 8 further comprising a reflector located in the car, wherein theat least a portion of the ultrasonic signals are configured to bereflected from the reflector to a desired direction or location in thecar.
 10. A portable communication apparatus as recited in claim 8,wherein the at least a portion of the ultrasonic signals are configuredto be confined to travel in a cavity inside the car before being emittedinto free space within the car for the user.
 11. A portablecommunication apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the area of theoverall size of the one or more devices is not more than 67.9 times ofthe square of the at least one ultrasonic wavelength.
 12. A portablecommunication apparatus for a user comprising: a directional speakerthat generates ultrasonic signals, with at least a portion of theultrasonic signals being transformed into audio signals for the user viathe air between the speaker and the user, wherein the directionalspeaker has one or more devices that emit the ultrasonic signals, andwherein the maximum dimension of an overall size of the one or moredevices is not more than 3 cm.
 13. A portable communication apparatus asrecited in claim 12 wherein the maximum dimension of the apparatus isnot more than 3 inches.
 14. A portable communication apparatus asrecited in claim 12 wherein the maximum dimension of the apparatus isnot more than 6 inches.
 15. A portable communication apparatus asrecited in claim 12 further comprising: a microphone; and wirelesscommunication circuitry, wherein the audio signals are associated with acommunication that the user receives via the circuitry and thedirectional speaker.
 16. A portable communication apparatus as recitedin claim 15 further comprising an input mechanism that allows the userto enter inputs into the apparatus, wherein the apparatus allows theuser to enter inputs into the apparatus, while communicating using atleast the wireless communication circuitry with enhanced privacy via thedirectional speaker.
 17. A portable communication apparatus as recitedin claim 12 further comprising a display, wherein the apparatus isconfigured to allow the user to receive video signals with enhancedprivacy via the directional speaker.
 18. A portable communicationapparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein the directional speakerincludes a plurality of devices, each configured to generate signals inthe ultrasonic range.
 19. A portable communication apparatus as recitedin claim 12, wherein the apparatus is installed in a car.
 20. A portablecommunication apparatus as recited in claim 19 further comprising areflector located in the car, wherein the at least a portion of theultrasonic signals are configured to be reflected from the reflector toa desired direction or location in the car.
 21. A portable communicationapparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein the at least a portion of theultrasonic signals are configured to be confined to travel in a cavityinside the car before being emitted into free space within the car forthe user.
 22. A portable communication apparatus as recited in claim 12,wherein the area of the overall size of the one or more devices is notmore than 9 cm².